Antebellum America Essay

Regions are specializing The period of time in America before the civil war proved to bring out the specialties in each region. The West brought America true farming and allowed livestock to succeed. The eastern part of America prevailed in industrialization, creating many cities and businesses. The southern part of the United States was the dominated by slavery, plantains, and growing cotton. America had many skills but these talents were not mixed well, and each region had its very own specialty. The west began expanding at an extremely fast rate, and the best use for the land as to provide food for America. Livestock began to take over the West, and helped providing America with many animals. The west looked to provide for America by growing plants, due to the very fertile soil. The west quickly became known as the nation’s â€Å"breadbasket†. The sold animals and crops to America, and this westward expansion developed a talent that America craved. The west played a role in the antebellum period of America, but didn’t nearly touch the relationship issues between the east and south. The northeastern states of America were advancing in their talent of industry. Textile mills flourished and business became widely known in the east of the Unites States. The east contained eighty-one percent of America’s industrial capacity, and this specialization of industry continued in antebellum America. The big industry, business, and many opportunities brought many people to the north east. As a result, many families and people came to start a business of their own. The northeast gained many supporters due to its business attraction, an important factor in the nearby Civil War. This industry sparked a talent in America that only the east could accomplish.

The Asian Carp Cake (Boong-uh Bbang)

Korea is indeed known for its colorful history and rich culture and tradition. Each and every component of the country plays an important role in the development of Korea’s culture and tradition even its foods and cuisines. Aside from Kimchi- Korea’s best known cuisine, Korea is also famous for its fish-shaped pastry which is known as Boong-uh Bbang or Bungeobbang. Boong-uh Bbang literally means goldfish since the pastry resembles the Asian carp fish bungeobbang where the pastry gets its unique shape. Boong-uh Bbang was believed to be introduced by the Japanese during their occupation on Korea in 1930’s.The Japanese originally called the fish-shaped pastry as taiyaki and right after the Japanese colonization the Koreans used the name Boong-uh Bbang to refer to the fish-shaped pastry. From then on, the fish-shaped bean filled pastry had become a favorite street food in the country of Korea (Nation Master). Boong-uh Bbang does not contain actual fish or any fish pr oducts; in fact it is filled with sweet azuki bean paste known as pat. The batter is poured into both side of the fish-shaped mold. The read bean paste which is made from azuki bean is then put on one side of the mold and the mold is then closed.The batter is toasted until it is golden brown. The pastry is toasted in an appliance which has a carp fish shape. This equipment performs like a waffle iron which gives the pastry its unique fish shape. The exterior of the pastry when toasted has soft and light cakey appearance with a nice texture while the thin edges of the pastry are very crispy. Like most Asian desserts, the flavor of Bungeobbang is barely sweet. Boong-uh Bbang is usually sold in the street of Korea during winter (Nation Master). Koreans have developed an ice cream version of bungeobbang which is filled with vanilla ice cream and sweet red beans known as Sshaman-ko.There are also other varieties of Bungeobbang such as Gukhwappang and Gyeranppang. The former is also fille d with sweet red beans; however its shape is not like a goldfish but rather like a sunflower. Meanwhile, gyeranppang is filled chicken egg and has a rounded rectangular shape (Reference. com). Knowing the story behind a particular cuisine of a country is very significant as it plays a significant role in the development of the country’s culture and tradition. The recipe in particular of the cuisine tells the ingredients of the dish and how the dish is done.The manner of how the food is prepared and the ingredients used in preparing the dish may give us an idea on what tradition and culture does the country has. Moreover, each single ingredient of the dish and the dish as a whole may even tell the history of a particular country. The era on when it is first introduced or developed can tell in particular the important events in the history of the country. It is indeed important that before eating a particular food, one should have at least an idea on what he or she is eating an d how the food is done or processed for safety reasons.One might have an allergy on one of the ingredients of the food and he or she might avoid the attack of the allergy if he has some knowledge on the contents of the food he is eating. Furthermore, one might be mistaken on eating a particular food that is against their norm, beliefs and religion such as those who are not eating pork meat or any other animal meat. As for the vegetarians, they may avoid eating foods that contain even little animal meat if they have knowledge on the ingredients and contents of the food they are eating. References Reference. com. (2008). Bungeoppang.Retrieved July 28, 2008 from Reference. com database. NationMaster. com. (2005). Bungeoppang. Retrieved July 28, 2008 from NationMaster. com database. Bungeoppang is the name of a Korean fish-shaped pastry. Bungeoppang consists of sweet azuki bean filling known as pat, which is encased in batter and then toasted in a special appliance that performs like a waffle iron. This appliance is specially molded to create the fish shape of bungeoppang. It is then toasted golden-brown and served. Bungeoppang is usually sold as a snack by open-air food vendors throughout Korea during the winter season.Crispy thin edges meet a soft and light cakey exterior with an inner pouch holding the maroon azuki bean filling. Surprisingly, it’s barely sweet like most asian desserts but has a nice texture with the nearly whole beans. Hardly unusual for someone who has grown up supping red bean soup or eating sesame paste balls for dessert, it’s pleasant but I can’t imagine craving its flavours. I love the novelty of the bungeoppang but much prefer the hoddeok, a dense and round pancake with a thin layer of sugar and cinnamon through the middle.It's called Boong-uh Bbang (literally means goldfish bread because it looks like a gold fish). There's an ice cream version of it, filled w/ vanilla ice cream and sweet red beans called Ssah-man-ko. Bungeobbang (lit. â€Å"crucian carp cake/bread†) is the name of a Korean fish-shaped pastry. Bungeoppang consists of sweet azuki bean filling known as pat (? ; see red bean paste), which is encased in batter and then toasted in a special appliance that performs like a waffle iron. This appliance is specially molded to create the unique fish shape of bungeoppang.It is then toasted golden-brown and served. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. †¦ Taiyaki (e? †ºc„? a ) is a Japanese waffle-like cake traditionally filled with sweet azuki bean paste (although it can be filled with other things such as sweet custard), fried and molded into the shape of a fish; as Tai means sea bream in Japanese. †¦ Hangul also refers to a word processing application widely used in Korea. †¦ A domestic Belgian waffle iron A waffle iron is a cooking appliance used to make waffles. †¦Bungeoppang is usually sold as a snack by open-air food vendors thr oughout Korea during the winter season. It is usually sold in quantities of four or more. Although the pastry is shaped like a fish, it does not contain any fish or fish products. Korea (Korean: (i?  °i„ or i†¢? e µÃ‚ ¬, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. †¦ There are also bungeoppang-shaped waffles filled with ice cream and pat. koreanfood. about. com/od/snacksanddesserts/a/bungeoppang. htm www. nationmaster. com/encyclopedia/Bungeoppang Bungeoppang (lit.â€Å"crucian carp cake/bread†) is the name of Korean fish-shaped pastry. Bungeoppang consists of sweet azuki bean filling known as pat (? ; see red bean paste), which is encased in batter and then toasted in a special appliance that performs like a waffle iron. This appliance is specially molded to create the fish shape of bungeoppang (see Asian carp for the fish's significance in East Asian culture). It is then toasted golden-br own and served. History Bungeoppang was first introduced into Korea by Japanese during Korea under Japanese rule in the 1930s; although there it is known as taiyaki.How to get Bungeoppang is usually sold as a snack by open-air food vendors throughout Korea during the winter season. The vendors sell them in a similar way to Korean eomuk or Japanese kamaboko. It is usually sold in quantities of four or more. Although the pastry is shaped like a fish, it does not contain any fish or fish products. There are also bungeoppang-shaped waffles filled with ice cream and pat (sweetened and boiled red beans or azuki beans). www. reference. com/browse/Bungeobbang

How compatible is someones personality in accordance to the organizational culture Essay

Upon commencing my research on this topic, I decided to place myself in the â€Å"shoes of a worker† and having had previous work experience myself, I have explored this question in depth, on both a personal and academic level. For instance, many a times I have stopped in the middle of work and asked myself, â€Å"Why do I continue to work for this organization?† When I try to promote my ideas, do my peers frequently react with indifference? It is matters such as the above that workers all over the world question about on a daily basis, or simply, one can question, how compatible is their personality in accordance to the organizational culture of the company for which they work in. New technology creates jobs, which do not require any sort of face-to-face communication. This has undeniable consequences for the relationships that form in corporations. The increased use of technology such as the Internet and Microsoft applications means that it is harder for employees to approach their manager’s and express a problem, since their nature of work is for the most part confined to their offices. In introducing the term â€Å"culture† which simply means: an â€Å"identification badge† that distinguishes between groups of individuals and provides guidelines concerning patterns of behavior and perception of the world around. The cultural match between an individual and an organization is determined by the degree to which the individual’s personal traits fit the organizational culture, or perhaps vice versa. Cooperation between the manager and his subordinate must exist, meaning that either one would willingly lower the priority of one’s own personal needs in order to get along with others. A lower cultural match may indicate that the individual is drained of important resources by having to continuously adjust to the workplace environment. A higher cultural match suggests the potential for a more satisfying interaction for both the individual and the organization. For some people, a personal/culture fit may exist only in the functional area in which they work. For example, an adventurous and non-conformist individual could match the less risk-averse, more creative subculture of the Design department of a clothing company, even though the overall company might be rigidly structured and have a low comfort level with certain ambiguity. It is generally assumed that a successful relationship between an individual and an organization (the manager) is based on a shared foundation of beliefs and behaviors. Similar beliefs and ways of working usually encourage communication and tend to support the working relationship, allowing synergies to emerge. In contrast, a high level of dissimilarity usually requires a high consumption of adaptive energy. While a large base of similarities may enable successful and harmonious interaction, dissimilarities are also valuable. As organizations become increasingly inundated with new techniques and training programs designed to diversify their employee base, frustrations among workers increase while compromising decreases. Groups in favor of diversity feel that they are right in their call for race, sex, disability and age discrimination to be resolved by a bold corrective initiative often referred to as affirmative action. They claim that it is wrong to discriminate in any form. Diversity is a highly intense topic that, while embraced philosophically, it is quickly challenged once institutionalized. Diversity is recognized as an inevitable strategy for meeting the ever-changing demographics in society. It is then studied, is most often adapted as the solution and often the conclusion to problems of inequality in the workplace. Most organizations conclude with a formalized diversity initiative which focus is on diversity training, diversification (integration through hiring), and annual maintenance programs. Each of these initiative components becomes a part of a continuum, which is replicated annually. While this is truly deserving of much praise and support, many corporate leaders are beginning to ask probing questions†¦ Is this it? What do we do now? Therefore diversity training is necessary to assist in developing acceptance rather than tolerance. A change in attitude is necessary, and attitudes are changed when people begin to understand the â€Å"different† members of society and respect is shown towards them. A reality is that forward thinking companies have begun to realize that it is not enough for their employees to appreciate differences, but rather that the appreciation might be turned into a company benefit. They are the source of attraction, of added value and information exchange that give substance and fuel to the relationship. Many corporations have recognized that diversity contributes to the bottom line by making it easier to retain employees showing future potential, lowering costs by developing skills internally, and developing a reputation that helps attract new employees. This is especially significant in a time when the global economy is doing so well, not to mention that demand for skilled labor is at record levels. The key factors in a company’s success in managing knowledge workers will depend upon the level of a partnership existing between workers and management. It’s about support and understanding not control (The more supportive a manager is towards his/her employees, the easier their process of personal development becomes). In adopting this style of management; employees may see their managers’ taking on a dominant leadership role rather than the traditional management notion of â€Å"the Boss†. Managers must choose objectives, let people loose, to be creative. On the other hand when they make mistakes, managers should also recognize and offer counseling advice when necessary. These managerial skills (with the increasing focus on people rather than technology) are necessary in maintaining an organizational culture where people can flourish and achieve’ not only the company’s aims and objectives but furthermore, their own. In theory, working with the available staff that you (as a manager) retain, and pooling their diverse talents and skills to complete a task or assignment may be possible, but in my opinion, firms will miss out on a great opportunity to obtain more, fundamental employees, with a greater variety of skills. For instance, the company may choose to utilize and work with their existing employees, but by recruiting younger, more well-educated staff, or by diversifying and hiring different people with various ethnic backgrounds or more women they may find themselves in a more suitable, advantageous and moreover profitable position, as each of these people will bring a vast array of skills, experience and talent to their jobs. The ability of an employee to make a difference in the workplace or simply to have an influence upon his/her work is the extent to which individuals are able to influence outcomes within the organization. A high ability to influence suggests that the organization is open to input from a wide range of members and is willing to consider and react to those suggestions. A low ability to influence indicates a culture where most individuals have little chance to impact the outcomes. Decisions are made by a small group of individuals at the top who are not open to input from more than a select group of employees. The assumption is that the person with the most skill, intelligence, charm will succeed where others will fail. So that where competition is a fundamental feature of social and economic life, what you will get is competitive people and a model of the person, which is framed in terms of individual differences. So, in order to cope with the various characteristics of employees and the intense competition, managers should pinpoint the ones who get involved in many activities, have the ability to quickly establish relationships with others and lead fast-paced lives, so they can be set as group leaders. This trend in world economies has come to be coined by the popular phrase of â€Å"globalisation.† This for workers has a sense meaning of a worker that is an indeterminate, self-propelled character of world affairs. Nowadays, workplaces, in the era of high-value production in the age of services, require workers very different from those of just two decades ago- where a hierarchy structure was in place. This occurs when there is a distinct level of authority ranging from managing director, directors, managers and so on, with the managing director with the most authority over the rest of the company. The new structure in organization requires that the knowledge, information, and responsibility formerly handed down to managers is now (in theory at least) pushed down to the front-line workers. This, however, requires workers now who can learn and adapt quickly, think for themselves, take responsibility, make decisions, and communicate what they need to leaders who train, supply, and inspire them. The goal of social work is to strengthen people’s ability to cope with the task and problems they face in life and to promote improvements in the environment to more adequately meet human needs. The theory of social constructionism emphasizes that â€Å"our generation of knowledge and ideas of reality is sparked by social processes more than individual processes† (Gergen, 1994). According to constructionism, â€Å"knowledge is not something people possess somewhere in their heads, but rather, something people do together† (Gergen, 1985). Therefore, it is considered and viewed to be a collective procedure. For example, the idea that women â€Å"naturally† like to do housework is a social constructionist concept because this idea appears â€Å"natural† because of its historical repetition, rather than it being â€Å"true† in any essential sense. With regards to individualism as opposed to collectivism, one can state that the extent to which the members of the organization are encouraged or given incentives to focus primarily on personal gain (individualism) versus considering first the interests of the group as a whole (collectivism). Individualism includes a person’s values and standards being authentic, beliefs rooted in one’s spirit, embraced and put into practice as expressions of the self. According to Widdicombe, â€Å"The notion of positioning how it constructs persons has its roots in Althusser [whose] central thesis was that ideology ‘interpellates’ or ‘hails’ individuals into particular positions so that they come to have the kinds of identity which are necessary for social practices. As a result, â€Å"people are subjected and trained to recognize themselves in particular ways, and they are thereby produced as particular kinds of being predisposed to certain kinds of activity which fit with the demands of society,† which results in the â€Å"illusion that we have freely chosen our way of life†. One factor that corporations must take into consideration before recruiting an employee is the matter of â€Å"personality testing†. This method has become a routine part of corporate life. Soon it may be as universal as the employment interview or the team-building exercise. Every day, thousands of employees are asked to complete questionnaires about their likes and dislikes or probable reactions to different scenarios. Such as if you found yourself at a party, would you be more likely to linger at the edge of the room and avoid eye contact or to plunge into the crowd and mingle, making friends everywhere? Responses to questions like this may be used to answer other questions like â€Å"have you got what it takes to handle the pressure and be a trusted team-player?† Even though there are supposed to be no right answers, it’s often the case that these tests can be completed to produce a result that suggest you’re a charismatic, natural leader and all-round great person. Few people stop to question the outcome of these tests. After all, they seem to agree with thoughts we already have about ourselves. Personality tests are often believed to be scientific confirmation that you are indeed who you think you are. All though psychological analysis is very time-consuming and requires the personal involvement of experienced, highly qualified (and prohibitively expensive) professionals. There are no psychological tests that are cheap, quick and accurate all at the same time. However, anyone who is curious about their own personality has dozens of tests to choose from, all of which claim to answer some aspect of the question â€Å"who am I?† or â€Å"how will I behave and interact with other personalities†. These questions are more than essential to the employee’s self-image, role and function in the organisation as they help provide insight on matters that matter most to employees and in doing so may help them work more efficiently (if an employee is satisfied from their work and surroundings, they will strive more for excellence and approval within their jobs). Unfortunately, the outcome behind these measures of personality and aptitude tests is rather uncertain. Their theoretical foundations are rooted more in philosophy than fact and their accuracy suffers as a result. Nonetheless, this has not dissuaded thousands of people taking their results seriously. In conclusion, one’s success in the organization often goes beyond â€Å"doing a good job.† Frequently satisfaction with work comes from not only performing well, but also being comfortable with corporate values. It is essential, therefore, to examine the match between personal characteristics and organization culture. If the employee has to work utilizing his/ her ability for example (working with what you have) it does not mean that the employee cannot be better in his/her position and be productive with their current skills. Actually, my opinion is that employees need the assistance of the manager to become more relevant in the work place, in terms of achieving goals. One thing a manager could do is positively encourage the employees for the job that have accomplished, or try to explain the right way in which can they do so-providing support-if they fail. From one perspective, it is true to work with what you have, but on the other hand, this could occur at the beginning when you are a new worker, with advanced skills, starting fresh. We all us have an individual personality, but our personalities have stemmed from different environments such as: friends, parents, neighbors, etc. In my situation, when I go to work I am trying to use different personality which is not my real personality. for example, when I worked in class restaurant every time I have to smile and speak formally. It happens on numerous occasions, that when I went for work my mood was bad and also sometimes I was sad due to things I had said with my parents or from my girlfriend. This is my real personality, but when I have to go to the restaurant to work I have to change my personality and try to become exactly the opposite. This helps me in being real in the environment that matters the most to me and professional in my area of work.

The Dual Nature of Hinduism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dual Nature of Hinduism - Research Paper Example There is probably no more pertinent example of Hinduism’s singular nature than its well-known caste system. The four levels of Indian society, which have their origins in ancient Vedic literature, have often been regarded as a written manifestation of the enforced stratification of Indian society by the Aryans, the theocratic invaders whose military prowess enabled them to conquer the subcontinent about 1500 B.C. â€Å"One fourth of the Supreme Being constitutes all beings, while three fourths of Him are immortal and stand above. With the one-fourth (He) arms were made into the Kshatriya. His thighs became the Vaisya. From his feet the Sudra was born† (Rig Veda, 90). Historians generally concur that the strict social regimentation described in the Vedas was not actually created or introduced by the Aryan invaders but had existed in a somewhat less formal version prior to the conquest. Hinduism as we know it today, with its concepts of karma and samsara, grew up against this socio-cultural backdrop, with which it was suffused and which it in turn influenced. Social norms and the means whereby they are passed on are pervasive and give form to the Hindu caste system. Each caste, or varna, is sub-divided into jatis, which divide each varna into specific occupations. Social interaction among the jatis of a particular caste is regulated â€Å"through an elaborate ritual system,† which governs social behavior (Deshpande, 2010). The Vedic texts offer a rationale for classifications and rituals, â€Å"rules that are laid down concerning appropriate occupational pursuit, appropriate behavior within and between castes.

International Trade Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Trade Master - Essay Example Ethiopia is one of the Worlds poorest, with Gross National Income per Capita of US $220.00 (World Bank 2008). Ethiopia home to ancient civilizations (Internet. Houston Museum of Natural Science) produces only 2.6 % of the world's coffee (Internet. FAO). Ethiopia's distinct and mild Arabica coffee however is some of the most aromatic and sought after coffee beans worldwide. "The Horn of Africa country prides itself as the origin of coffee. Its beans are grown in the misty forested highlands of southwestern Ethiopia in a region known as Kaffa which legend says gave its name to the plant. Ethiopia earned $525 million from exporting 170,888 tonnes in the 2007/08 season, and hopes to earn $800 million from 224,831 of exports this year, according to the Trade Ministry". (Internet. Reuters) Coffee exports and the impact of world trade regulations on its coffee exports are important to Ethiopia and its farmers; as coffee comprises between 35-40% percent of Ethiopia's export earnings of 1. 2 billion USD. However Ethiopia earned a mere $ 525 million in 2008, or 1.05% of a trading market recently valued in 2006 at $50 billion. (Internet. Source: Retail World 2003 and BIS Shrapnel, Coffee in Australia 2006-2008). Any improvements to word trade regulations or trading arrangements with regard to coffee will be important to Ethiopia and its coffee farmers. This piece of ... 2 billion USD. However Ethiopia earned a mere $ 525 million in 2008, or 1.05% of a trading market recently valued in 2006 at $50 billion. (Internet. Source: Retail World 2003 and BIS Shrapnel, Coffee in Australia 2006-2008). Any improvements to word trade regulations or trading arrangements with regard to coffee will be important to Ethiopia and its coffee farmers. 2. Introduction and Overview: This piece of work examines the impact of international trading regulations as they now exist, on the activities of Ethiopian coffee farmers. It addresses and analyzes the impact, both direct and indirect, of international trade regulations on the activities of Ethiopian coffee farmers. It shows the socio-economic adversities which can impact farmers who produce coffee in a developing country, when international trade regulations outside of the farmers' control, impact world coffee prices and therefore the earnings of Ethiopian coffee farmers. The plight these farmers is further exacerbated when the farmers as a group have relatively little bargaining power over the processors and distributors of coffee in its final consumed state in global markets. These issues affect farmers notwithstanding the existence and impact of international trade regulations, purportedly intended to benefit developing countries through the expansion of world trade; but which have the opposite effect when th e agreements do not truly take into account the interests of developing countries. A number of credible sources with relevant data will be cited to support our arguments. The question is important insofar as it analyzes the effects of international trade regulations and agreements on the economy of a poor developing country. In the alternative, we seek to set out some alternative legal

The Management of Global Trade Distribution - De Beers Essay

The Management of Global Trade Distribution - De Beers - Essay Example It was able to exert monopolistic influence among suppliers in the diamond industry to sell their rough diamonds to De Beers’ channel which was then the Central Selling Organisation or CSO which then enabled De Beers to control the global supply of diamonds even if the diamonds did not came from De Beer’s mines (Ziminisky2013). II. De Beers distribution system: Monopoly De Beers is one of the few companies that exerted monopoly in its supply and distribution that it creative a competitive advantage for the company. During its height in 1902, it was able to control an overwhelmingly 90 percent of the diamond industry that it can dictate the price and availability of diamonds (Sehgal 2011). Monopoly exists when a only a single company exists to dominate a certain industry in the provision of goods or services (Milton 2002). Its high price today and its perception of being a valued commodity can be attributed to De Beers’ strategy to justify the increase of the pric e of diamonds because diamonds perse have no practical use and its high price does not reflect its scarcity because its price remains high even if it is in abundance (Yu nd). III. Forms of distribution of De Beers: CSO and DTC De Beers is probably the most successful and biggest monopoly company in the world that virtually operated in almost absolute cartel from its beginning in 1800s until 2001. It was able to establish its cartel like monopoly in the diamond industry when Ernest Oppenheimer achieved a controlling stake in De Beers in the mid 1920s when it expanded into various operations of the diamond industry with the goal of monopolizing its distribution. It did so by influencing suppliers in a multitude of ways to sell its produce of rough diamonds to De Beers’ channel which was then the Central Selling Organisation or CSO which then enabled De Beers to control the global supply of diamonds even if the diamonds did not came from De Beer’s mines (Bergenstock et al 2006). De Beer’s cartel like distribution channel which is the Central Selling Organisation or CSO and later evolved to become Diamond Trading Centers or DTC is probably the most successful monopolistic distribution system in the world. It can basically dictate the entire diamond industry because it can determine what should be sold, when, where and how much. Since it controlled majority of the supply (85% to 90% of the market) through its CSO or DTC, buyers have no choice but to avail diamonds through De Beers’ distribution system of CSO or DTC. To be able to buy diamonds from De Beers’ distribution system, it has to become a member or â€Å"Sightholder† because De Beers only sell diamonds to qualified â€Å"Sightholders† until today. According to De Beer, this event of selling diamonds are known as â€Å"Sights† because, â€Å"during the sales period, [their] customers are able to physically inspect the stones we are offering them before deciding whether to purchase† (De Beer 2012). These customers are selected according the â€Å"Supplier of Choice contract  criteria† (De Beers 2012). In essence, however, these â€Å"Sightholders† are powerless during â€Å"sights† because they have to accept the terms set forth by De Beers where they are not allowed to negotiate and can only accept

Routine Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Routine Letter - Essay Example As we move forward with plans for our yearly spectacular event, we are confident that your proposals will take this year’s project to the next level, increasing visibility and attracting even more public participation. Having seen your presentation, the committee is anxious to move forward. We will need a detailed plan of how you will be proceeding once we have signed with you, especially regarding the acquisition of city permits that will be necessary for the display you are planning to provide. Obviously, we would like to avoid any problems that might arise from the height of some of the props you have proposed. We need to ensure that you will be capable of delivering the creative, extravagant production from your presentation. I cannot begin to tell you how excited I was to meet with you concerning the production that your company has to offer toward our project. Having planned several large scale marketing projects for our company, I have had wonderful opportunities to expand our associations through the participation of a diversity of businesses. I look forward to this being one of those opportunities as I am thrilled to tell you that your company is being awarded the contract. We have seen many clever and innovative presentations regarding this marketing venture, however, none of the other applicants showed the same understanding of our goals as you seemed to share with us. As we move forward with plans for our yearly spectacular event, we are confident that your proposals will take this year’s project to the next level, increasing visibility and attracting even more public participation. Having seen your presentation, the committee is anxious to move forward. We will need a detailed plan of how you will be proceeding once we have signed with you, especially regarding the acquisition of city permits that will be necessary for the display

Nanotechnology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nanotechnology - Term Paper Example On the other hand, Eric Drexler, the founder of Foresight Nanotech Institute introduced to the world the term â€Å"nanotechnology in 1986, and used it to describe the bottom up approach. In contrary to Taniguchi, Drexler looked at nanotechnology from the perspective of a physicist. He referred to nanotechnology as a large scale mechanosynthesis that is founded on the positional control of molecules that are chemically reactive. The founders of nanotechnology anticipate that, in the future, the term will probably include building mechanisms and machines with nano-scale dimensions, also referred to as the Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) (Cutcliffe 81). According to McGinn (2010), nanotechnology has emerged due to the advent of modern technological trends used for creating more comfort for the mankind. This technology will totally refurbish the way in which electronic and digital devices operate (McGinn 116). The concept of nanotechnology is based on further reduction of the size of tr ansistors and that of electronic circuitry that would enable working at the molecular level. Its implementation would not be limited to the field of technology and science, rather medicine, construction and other sciences would equally benefit from it (Ghattas 271). Nanotechnology is being made into it to introduce and transfer it from laboratory to markets due to its productivity; this has caught attention worldwide research as well as investment. Nanotechnology has gathered a lot of attention across the world, and rapid investments are being made into it. Some of the likely benefits include; the reduction in size, the speed of processing, capability to access further small elements and running the electronic circuits, processors, machines at a more brisk pace (Cutcliffe 90). The problem to be addressed in the proposed study is since 2000, the U.S. Government has spent more than $15.6 billion in advancing the nanotechnology industry; however, research is not progressing at an effec tive and efficient rate because a roadmap for nanotechnology research to move technology from the laboratory into the marketplace has not been established (Waldron 6292). From FY2001 through FY2012, the federal government invested in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology through the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). Because of this focus and these investments, the U.S. has emerged as a global leader in nanotechnology. Further, nanotechnology is multiplying its applicability exponentially (Roberts, 2011). However, competition for global leadership in nanotechnology is escalating as nations and organizations worldwide increase investments in nanotechnology implementation (Waldron 6293). Maintaining U.S. leadership poses a technical, economic, and policy challenge for effective technology transfer to the private sector. Continued lack of attention to this concern will make it difficult for the U.S. to maintain its leadership role in the commercialization of nanote chnology. While the future of nanotechnology is promising and shows remarkable profitability for private industry, it is still a new practical science, and consequently it can be a high-risk and unpredictable commercial endeavor (Waldron, 6294). After 12 years and over $15 billion in research funds, the applications of nanotechnology appears to advance rapidly in research, yet slowly to being put in commercial practice in the United States (Holley 9). The idea of nanotechnology has

Fashion Textile Futures Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fashion Textile Futures Theory - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Textile Futures Theory" draws a distinction between clothing and fashion. Clothes are the media through which cultural ideas flow. Clothing helps us to order our cultural categories; class, status, gender and cultural principles i.e. values, belief and ideas are determined which we hold regarding our world. It is pertinent here to define Culture which may be defined as the way of life, with share abilities, habits, beliefs and customs of people or social groups. It is the entire complex of learned behavior, transmitted to subsequent generations in an ever changing cumulative dynamic way. We may call the artifacts; consumed and produced in a culture, a material culture. These artifacts are produced to express the unexpressed beliefs since the artifacts are understood in particular culture. Artifacts are unconscious and unintentional medium of attitudes, values and beliefs. But Prown says that artifacts are intentional expressions of an aesthetic which is equal in me aning and important to the unintentional expression.4 Cordwell and Schwarz noted that clothes were ignored in the studies of material culture. But later on it was realized that clothes; artifacts, are associated with ‘a complex sentiments’ and it channels the emotions and helps people to move in a ‘culturally appropriate manners. To Schwarz clothing has a symbolic role to play more than any other material objects. It arbitrates the relationship among nature, people and their ‘socio-culture environment.... M. J. & Gruel. L.M. (1981). The Second Skin. Boston: Houghton - Mifflin. 4 Prown. Jules D. et al (1985). "Material cultural studies: A Symposium" Material culture. 5 Cunningham. Anne. Patricia. Lab.Voso.Susan. (1991) Understanding Dress and Popular Culture. Bowling Green State University: Popular Press To Schwarz clothing has a symbolic role to play more than any other material objects. It arbitrates the relationship among nature, people and their 'socio-culture environment.'6 The Study of Blue Denim jeans helps us to understand the statement of Schwarz and particularly his emphasis on the symbolic role of clothing. Blue jeans are all pervasive on the scene of cultural history of America since 130 years. During that period of time jeans exemplified different meanings and messages for the society. It became a symbol of rebellion, an outlet of personal freedom and creativity then it serves as an icon of awareness of fashion also. Change in the style of jeans is actually a sign of change in manners and attitude in the American society. These changes are the subtle but accurate barometers of trends in contemporary popular culture.7 In 1960s the concept of "Jeaning of America" came on the surface to give a jean new role in the American society. It was a great shift in the attitude of the society and particularly in youth when the new clique of rebels; "beatnik", the bohemians, started putting on black sweaters with blue jeans as daily wear to represent the urban intellectual, a dissenter, to rebel against the 'conformist society of the day.' To wear plain jeans and dark colors was to reject the more-is-better, new-is-better mentality of the Organization Man World. 8 By 1967, the youth dominated the sub-culture. Who had

Work placement Module Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Work placement Module - Essay Example He then recommended me to this firmCheng Chan & Co to me., and fortunately At the material time, Cheng Chan & Co wasthe firm happened to be looking for a full time / part time clerk as because one of their employees just quit the jobhad recently left the firm. I posted sent them my CV to them and they were askingrequested for an interview. I had the interviewed with one of the firm's solicitors in the mid-dle of June., there was a solicitor who interviewed me. He asked me few some questions on pertaining to tort and criminal Law, such as which case to use or which statute to applies to a scenarioy. and they also require a presentation of me for 5 minutesI was also required to deliver a five minute presentation. Four days later, I received their phone call that I got the jobthey informed me of their decision to hire me. I was then appointed into this firm asworked as a clerk responsible for assistingant to solicitors, preparing legal documents, performing legal research, and for deali nghandling with clients. The fFirm is run managed by four solicitors and there are eight employees including clerks, an accountant and legal executives. The structure of the fFirm is very simple in that, each employee takesing orders directly from solicitors. Once a client placeds an order after consulting the solicitor, (e.g. a claim in a car accident), the solicitor will would then divide the work among the different personnel, such as including research, registration of the case with the court, communication with the other parties for the materials, and arrangement of conferences with clients or counsel. When we have completed ourUpon completion of an assigned task, we hand submitted itthe work back to the solicitor for approval and he will would return it to us if any corrections are were necessary. Then we will would finalize it and return it to him for further approval and signature. The work usually involveds documents, statements or letters. The documents or the statements w ill would usually be referred tofiled with the court or submitted to the other parties. LThe letters will

Database Forensics and Auditing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database Forensics and Auditing - Research Paper Example The paper will focus on the differences between database forensics and databases auditing. This paper has focus on the definition of database forensic and database auditing, the regulation under database auditing, the meaning of Data Access Auditing, and Data Monitoring. The goal is to clarify the comparison between database forensic and auditing tools by analyzing some of their features. In addition, the paper will show the threats that may affect the database and how it can affect database forensic and auditing. In conclusion, databases can be secured using a number of strategies that restrict unauthorized access, incorrect alteration of data and enhance data integrity to ignore any kind of hacking or losing data. Introduction The Verizon business risk team did an investigation of 90 data breaches occurred in 2008, which revealed an overall score of 285 million stolen records. Likewise, 80% of data breaches occurred due to weak corporate information security and initiated from exte rnal sources i.e. from hackers, malicious codes etc. and 20% data breaches were initiated internally (Goldmann, n.d). Moreover, 49% of data breaches in 2008 were not diagnosed for months. Furthermore, in 2008, 81% organizations affected from credit card breaches were not able to perform their last PCI assessment (Goldmann, n.d). Apart from deploying most updated technology and controls, data is still being compromised. Likewise, tactics of a hacker is categorized as 70 % credentialed users, 10% trading partners and 46% internal threats (Goldmann, n.d). ‘Wikileaks’ and ‘Stuxnet’ virus is one of the recent major security breaches. In summary, the increasing numbers of data breaches are astounding and strive to do more research for database security and protection. It shows that the laws, policies, compliance and regulations are not enough to counter these challenges. In order to protect databases via best practices, we will first differentiate between databas e forensics and database auditing, as there two terms will demonstrate adequate protection from potential threats and vulnerabilities. After describing these terms, we will incorporate Microsoft Log miner tool for collecting forensic evidence from a database and for auditing or reviewing database current state, SQL auditing will be incorporated. Database Forensics Database forensics that is also called Oracle forensics is relatively a new evolving field. Database forensics is conducted by different tools that facilitate Oracle Database Administrator (DBA) to re-establish actions performed on the database with the exception of deactivated forensic features. Likewise, database forensics identifies the suspect by extracting traces of an attacker from the database and revert the suspicious transactions if possible. The primary goal of database forensics is to analyze the vulnerabilities that were utilized and exploited by the threat and to rollback any unofficial data manipulation opera tions. However, it is a daunting task, as attackers play safe and prefer attacks from other regions and IP addresses that involve different time zones and mediums before extracting data or compromising security controls of a database. Some of the vulnerabilities associated with database compromises include default and unchanged usernames and passwords, passwords are not long, complex or easily guessable, Database is not up to date and missing critical updated

Tsotsi vs The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

Tsotsi vs The Kite Runner Essay In the novel, The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini and the film Tsotsi written by Athol Furgard, many similarities can be found. Both stories include the inner battle that people face throughout their life, the meaning of bravery and what brotherhood truly represents. In todays society, people find it difficult to perceive their values and what they believe in. The inner battle isnt the only concept that the novel and the movie share, but many more parallel ideas will be revealed through themes. Very few would believe that the pureness of flying kites and the criminality associated with gangs could somehow be so similar. Although these stories were written nearly a decade ago, they are still able to accurately depict what life in Afghanistan and South Africa are like today. Bravery, Brotherhood, and Redemption are all themes in which one or more characters from The Kite Runner and Tsotsi undergo at least once throughout their stories. Redemption is the act of sacrifice and getting rid of sins. Redemption just means you just make a change in your life and you try to do right, versus what you were doing, which was wrong. Ice T. Bravery is courageous behavior or character. I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear. Nelson Mandela. Finally, Brotherhood is the relationship between brothers or a close group of friends. I believe in the brotherhood of all men, but I dont believe in wasting brotherhood on anyone who doesnt want to practice it with me. Brotherhood is a two-way street. Some might ask, what is the true meaning of bravery? There is no correct answer to this question as everyone has their own interpretations on bravery. Bravery can take many forms, and not just in situations where there is combat. Any time that someone has to overcome fear and take action can be classified as bravery. An example of bravery in The Kite Runner would be when the main character, Amir returns to Afghanistan to save his brothers  son, Sohrab. After discovering that Sohrab is in an orphanage in Afghanistan, Amir decides to bring him back to America, as a way of ridding himself of his past sins. While searching Afghanistan for Sohrab, Amir discovers that his childhood enemy, Assef is the Taliban leader who has Sohrab captive. He must overcome his fears and face the bully of his past, to redeem himself and free Sohrab. Amir defeats Assef in a fight, and successfully takes Sohrab back to America. This is a true act of bravery as Amir was willing to sacrifice his life to insure Sohrabs safety. If he had lost or been caught, Assef, being a member of the Taliban, wouldve had Amir killed instantly. In the movie Tsotsi, there are two specific examples of bravery. While returning to the house for the second time, Tsotsi and his gang hold John hostage while searching for valuable items. The real reason for Tsotsis return was to find things that would help him take care of the baby such as baby formula and a bottle. John sets off the house alarm while no one is watching him and Tsotsi and his friends begin to panic. Butcher proceeds to aim his gun at John, for setting off the alarm. As he is about to pull the trigger, Tsotsi shoots Butcher in the back of the head. This requires true bravery as Butcher was his good friend, but he had to sacrifice his friend to ensure that the babys father stayed alive and out of harm. Redemption, the act of sacrifice in order to forgive ones self. His father had once said to Rahim Khan A boy who wont stand up for himself becomes a man who cant stand up to anything (Page 23). Amirs guilt lies in the fact that his mother had died giving birth to him and he feels that he is responsible for his mothers death. At one point in the story, Amir begins to believe that his father blames him for her death, due to an unhealthy father-son relationship. It is at this point where we realize that Amir has been trying to redeem himself in his fathers eyes and meet his fathers standards for his entire life. But his guilt does not end there. Amir has a strong desire to win Babas love and for that he believes that he must win the kite flying competition and ultimately sacrifice anything, including Hassan. Although he does not say it, he shows it in the rape scene that occurs later on, when he watches his best friend getting raped and does  absolutely nothing about it. It is ironic because Amir thinks he can redeem himself in the eyes of his father by bringing him the losing kite and make him proud. In the movie Tsotsi, there is one prime example of redemption that occurs. Throughout the entire movie, the main character, Tsotsi can be seen wearing black clothing at all times. It represents his impurity and his evil intentions. While wearing black, he kills a man, threatens a woman with a gun, and bullies an old man. In the last scene of the movie, Tsotsi wears white, symbolizing his purity and his good intentions. He accepts his mistakes, goes to return the baby and to seek forgiveness for his sins. This change in clothing may not seem big, but it shows the audience the change that Tsotsi has gone through, the purity in his heart, and also shows that he wants to be a better person. Brotherhood, the relationship between brothers or close group of friends. In The Kite Runner, the major example of brotherhood is the relationship between Hassan and Amir. Throughout the book, there are events that show off this brotherhood. When Ali and Hassan decide to leave, Baba, a man who is seen as the toughest man in Kabul, starts to break down in tears due to the fact that his best friend is leaving him. Hassan and Amir share a special bond as they have known each other since childhood and have been each others best friend. One example of their brotherhood would be, Amir and Hassan, The Sultans of Kabul., which was engraved onto the tree. This symbolizes that they will always be friends and Rulers of Kabul. Another example of their brotherhood would be that Amir returns to Afghanistan to help Hassans son and bring him back to America. In the movie Tsotsi, a key example of brotherhood is between Tsotsi and Boston. Tsotsi first finds Boston on the street, outside of the bar, throwing up and lying in his own vomit. Tsotsi takes him in, cleans him up, and accepts him as part of the gang. They are together for a total of six months before getting into an argument which leads to Tsotsi punching Boston in the face multiple times. Once Boston becomes conscious again, Tsotsi brings him back to his home, apologizes and they start over again. Tsotsi  tells Boston that he is going to get him money, so that he can continue his education and fulfill his dreams of becoming a teacher. Although these stories seemed to be complete opposites at first, upon further analysis we can conclude that they are actually very similar. They share multiple themes with one another including redemption, brotherhood and bravery.

Theme Of Sterility In Poem The Wasteland English Literature Essay

Theme Of Sterility In Poem The Wasteland English Literature Essay The Waste Land was first published in October 1922 in a magazine called The Criterion. The magazine was edited by Elliot himself in England till he closed it in 1939 on the eve of Second World War (Bloom p.19). A few weeks later the poem was published in America in a magazine called The Dial. Eliot began work on the waste land un early 1919 but much of the work was done in late 1921 as he was staying on the coast of Margate in England and later on at a sanitarium in Luassanne, Switzerland where he was taking a rest after suffering a nervous breakdown as a result of his fathers death in 1919. On two occasions Eliot passed through Paris, on the way to Luasanne and on the way back to London. On the two occasions Elliot and his wife stayed with his friend Ezra Pound and his wife. Ezra Pound looked at Elliots work on both occasions and edited it, cutting away half of it. The Waste Land combines overwhelming erudition of debased speech (Bloom p.20). Quotations from other languages from great literatures of the world and from pop songs and music hall are woven into one fabric making it possibly the greatest work of literature of the twentieth century. This poem can be said to be Elliots greatest work of literature. All through the five cryptic segmented sections of The Waste Land, confront the problem sterility and at the end tries to offer a solution, though of little help. In the poem Eliot asks a question what branches grow out of this stony rubbish. Through this imagery, branches and stony rubbish Eliot suggests that the poem examines the lives of people (branches) and the culture (stony rubbish) in which people live. The lives of people are interconnected to their culture. Like the ground where trees draw their life, the culture is a life stream of people. Branches can never grow if the roots cannot clutch if the soil is stony rubbish. The same way people cannot live well if their culture is broken, rough and can longer support them. It is also impossible to bring about a civilization worthy of mankind or better make mankind wholesome and create a worthy culture, if the environment in which the mankind grows undermines life instead of nurturing life (Blossom p.26). The Fire Sermon The tittle of this passage is taken from a Buddha sermon given to Buddha followers. It urges them to give up earthly rages symbolized by fire and instead look for freedom from earthly things. A turn away from the earthly actually occurs in this passage. Series of debased sexual encounters are depicted and finally closes with a river-song and religious conjuration. The passage opens with a desolate riverside scene. The speaker is surrounded by rats and garbage as he fishes and muses on the king my brothers wreck. Through this description the poet is able to develop the theme of sterility. Unlike the desert that is characterized by bareness, the riverbank that should be full of rejuvenation of life just but a dull canal that only rats a seen moving around. This shows the pessimism because what is hoped to bring about regeneration of the people only rats are found there. As the speaker muses in the king my brothers wreck, with the king my fathers grave before him, he thinks about the death of kings that leads to loss of significance of life. The sound of rats rattle personifies the lethal plaque ruining the human spirit. London according to Elliot had become so unreal in the sense that the dwellers of the city have lost touch with basic reality of olden pulse of germ and birth. Eliot shows sterility in a heterosexual encounter in London. The speaker is invited by a one-eyed merchant of Madame Sosostrilss tarot pack, Mr. Eugenides, to a meeting place for homosexual assignations. In this situation the speaker proclaims himself as Tiresias. Tiresias is an ancient mythology who possesses both male and female reproductive organs, old man with wrinkled female breasts. He is also able to see into the future. The speaker in this encounter as used by Eliot is only an observer of the events of this encounter as they unfold. The speaker witnesses an encounter between a typist and a small house agents clerk. After a long day of work, the typist returns to her house and prepares dinner. Her underwear is seen drying on the windowsill, and the divan on which she sleeps is strewn with other lingerie such as a stocki ngs. A young man, a small house agents clerks, who is described as having a bold stare, arrives in the typists house. On eating dinner, the young man starts making advances towards the typist which she does not resist. She readily gives in and they are involved in a sexual intercourse which the speaker sees as an alienated sexual exchange. After they are done the young man walks out of the house finding his way through the dark. This signifies the state of moral and vital darkness that he lives in. The typist on the other hand, adjusts her hair and says to herself glad its over. This sexual encounter symbolizes the degradation of the central model of love and fertility. It was neither an act of procreation, nor a rite performed ceremonially for a fertile earth. There was not even an expression of love. The sexual encounter is a conceited assertion of destitute self on the part of the clerk and an example of accustomed submission on the part of the typist. Sexual intercourse has been turned mechanical just like how machines work. The poem therefore represents the narrators consciousness of his anguish in relation to history, culture and even time. Throughout the poem infertility is felt with little hopes of the future. What the speaker sees in this encounter is one of the highest examples of barrenness, egotism and disaffection. A Game of Chess The title of this section is derived from two plays by an early 17th century dramatist Thomas Middleton the one in which the moves in a game of chess denotes stages in seduction. Two opposing scenes are depicted. One of the beau monde and the other of lower social class. The first part of the section exposes a wealthy, well groomed woman surrounded by recherchà © furnishings. The woman waits for a lover and in the process her neurotic ideas become frenzied with no meaningful cries. Her day then climaxes with plans for an outing and a game of chess. In the second part of this episode depicts a scene in a London barroom. Here two women discuss a third woman who is not in the barroom. As the bar is about to be closed, one of the women recounts a discourse with their friend Lil. Lils husband had been dismissed from the army. Lil has refused to get herself false teeth and she is told that her husband will seek the company of another woman as a result. Lils husband does not seem to appreciate her even on bearing five children for him which has led to current appearance. The narrator says that her husband wont leave [her] alone. The two women, Lil wealthy woman, represent the two sides of modern sexuality. One side of the sexuality is dry, barren interchange inseparable from neuroticism and self-destruction. Eliot likens this woman to Cleopatra in the manner of her luxuriance of language and surrounding. She is defeated, excessively emotional but lacks intellects. Eliots association of this woman with Cleopatra, who committed suicide due to frustration stemmed from love, shows her irrationality. However, unlike Cleopatra, this woman is not and will never be a cultural standard. Lil on the other hand represents sexuality as fertility associated with a deficiency of culture and speedy aging. Despite doing everything right; married right, supported her husband, bore him children, yet her body lets her down. She no longer looks appealing to her husband. Age had already set in and there was no way to reverse it, not even false teeth. This shows how possibility of regenerating sex both at the cultural and personal contexts diminishes further. The Burial of the Dead This is the first passage of the waste land. Eliot derived the title of this passage from a line in the Anglican burial service. It is constituted of four sketches, apparently from different speakers. The first is an autobiographical snipping from a childhood of an aristocratical woman called Marie. She tells the poet as they take coffee of her past in Austria and of her cousin, who was the Archduke Rudolph and the heir to be of the Austro-Hungarian throne. She also narrates to the poet in fondness how she used to go sledging in the mountains and sometimes Archduke would take her sledging. Marie mingles a meditation on the seasons with comments on the desolate state of her current being. She says I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter. Marie claims to be a German and not a Russian. She is a member of the lately defeated Austrian royal family. The poem being written after the First World War it shows how peoples lives were disrupted and left desolate as a result of war. People, like Marie could no longer feel part or even enjoy being part of the social fabric as they did before the war. As the speaker walks through London which is populated by ghosts he faces a figure that he once fought with in a battle and this seems to mix the clashes of the First World War with the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage. Both wars were futile and led to massive destruction. The speaker goes ahead to ask the ghostly figure, Stetson, on the fate of a corpse established in his garden. At the time Eliot was writing the poem, he had started gaining interest in Christianity. It was difficult for him to believe the Christian belief of resurrection. This shows the pessimism with which Eliot looks at degraded human culture of post-world war I. This hopelessness is depicted in the character Sibyl, a woman possessing prophetic powers who ages but never dies. This woman looks into the future and finds no hope in it and therefore prefers to die. Eliot sees himself in the same predicament as Sibyl. The culture in which he lives in has decayed and dried-up. The worst part of this culture is that it will not expire, and hence he is compelled to live with memories of its former glory. Through memory of the dead, a confrontation of the past and the present is created. Through memory, the past and the present are juxtaposed showing how things have worsened and decayed. Maries memories of her childhood are painful. The worlds of her cousin, and coffee in the park, and sledging on the mountains have since been replaced by complex political and emotional consequences of the war. She now prefers to read late into the night because there is not much she can do. In summing up, the poem The Waste Land is Eliots best work of literature. Written after the First World War which he describes as futile and cause of massive destruction, Eliot explores changes that occurred after the war. One of these changes involves the culture becoming sterile. Through different passages he has been able to develop this theme of sterility. Sterility is both in the culture and individual people. The culture has become so decayed that it can no longer support existence of a wholesome mankind. As a result people have lost touch with their culture and turned to doing evil things. Despite the sterility of the culture, human beings are forced to live in this condition. Just like Sibyl who despite seeing no hope in the future only ages and never dies thus forced to continue living in an already hopeless condition. Like Sibyl, Eliot sees little hope if any for the culture and the people to be regenerated.

Gender Issues in Developing Countries

Gender Issues in Developing Countries Empowerment of Rural Woman in Bangladesh through Agriculture Introduction The gender issue in developing countries again highlighted at the World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 (Hicks, 1997). Women’s work in the productive and social sectors is a key aspect of development. Everyone has a unique classification of empowerment based on his or her life experiences, behavior, and ambitions, person has the power to decide about their things, their life, and their actions can be identified as empowerment. Rao and Kelleher stated that â€Å"the capacity of women to be economically self-sufficient and self-reliant with control over decisions affecting their life options and freedom from violence† (Rao and Kelleher, 1995). The disempowerment of women reflects upon their less education level income, control over their own income, bargaining power in selling their own produce and labor. This susceptible condition ended an overall dependency of women on their male relatives through their life cycle particularly in developing countries which lowers their value of life in the society. Bangladesh is a developing country, according to the United Nations Gender-related Development Index (GDI), Bangladesh ranked 105th out of a total of 177 countries worldwide (Grimm, Harttgen et al., 2008). A patriarchal social system dominate the life of women in Bangladesh, controls a women’s mobility, the roles and everyday jobs. In Bangladesh traditionally men dominate women in all spheres of life. The poor women in rural areas having the least power, have few rights, little choice about their lives, and very few chances to modification their condition. Women in Bangladesh in rural area are generally illiterate and often have the least to eat. Though, despite all of the problems, women do play a significant role in agricultural activities in Bangladesh. Agricultural activities includes crop production and processing, post-harvest operations, livestock husbandry, aquaculture and agro-social forestry. Figure – 1 The Ratio of economically active women working in agriculture, 1980-2010    Source: FAO (2003) LIFDCs: low income food deficit countries LDCs: Least Developed Countries The female contribution to the overall economy in developing countries have particularly 43% of the agricultural labor force in developing countries in the agricultural sector like Bangladesh but societal and economic constraints limit their further inclusion in this field. (Food and Organization, 2011). Around 84% of the total population lives in rural areas where agriculture plays vital role in the economy, this sector comprises crops, forests, fisheries and livestock, Women’s involvement to agriculture considered as unpaid family labor, is grossly underestimated. Bangladesh is a traditional Muslim country where women are hardly participate in agricultural activities outside home (Hossain and Bayes, 2009). In Bangladesh the women’s agricultural activities limited to homestead production and post-harvest operations but in recent years they are mostly involved in livestock and poultry rearing activities besides crop production. In Bangladesh women’s contribution to socio-economic development were not noticeable, because of a set of social standards which allowed men to dominate women Women’s contribution in agricultural production is processing and storage of grains and pulses with household based small-scale industry. Men specially worked in public space like the fields, roads and market place on the other hand restrictions prevent women from attending the market. The contribution of women remains socially invisible; control over the proceeds of their labor is transferred to male hands. In the case of rice, which is the main crops in Bangladesh provides a significant example of this process. Main responsible for preparing the fields, sowing the seeds, weeding and harvesting are men also carried the harvest home and help in the threshing. Women then conquest the process the paddy into rice, includes parboiling and drying the paddy, and storing the grain. In Bangladesh women spent an average of 3.1 hours per day on agricultural work while men spent 5.1 hours (Zaman, 1995). In Bangladesh the farm technologies are not adequately developed to handle although participation of women in agriculture increasing (Jaim and Hossain, 2011). Women’s role is changing from unpaid family worker to active worker which is called as â€Å"feminization of agriculture in the absence of male members in the family. Contribution of women in the agricultural sector has increased over time. Women’s work increased from 3.2 million in Survey 1985/86 to 21 million in Survey 1989 (Rahman and Routray, 1998). During 1999–2000 and 2005–06, the number has increased from 3.76 to 7.71 million (Asaduzzaman, 2010). Women more likely to be involved in the agricultural sector who has poor households and risk of being food-insecure, because there’s earnings are important to their families’ survival. Limited use of ownership, and control of productive physical and human capital emphasis on women’s ability to generate income in the agricultural sector. The disadvantage of Bangladeshi women relative to men with respect to assets brought to marriage, and human capital (Quisumbing, 2003). Women in Bangladesh lag behind in terms of education and the lack of education in adult women in Bangladesh live below half a dollar a day make them very poor (Ahmed, Hill et al., 2007) Development in poultry created many employment opportunity in poultry industry and poultry related products. The revolution in poultry industry has achieved more than 200 percent growth last 5 years because of new technology.(Shamsuddoha, 2005) Poultry rearing can be considered as an alternative income generating activity for the development of rural women of Bangladesh. Poultry farming is mostly homestead-based and contributes an important role to the agricultural sector in Bangladesh. Poultry rearing generates extra income for these families which is a part of agro-rearing practices of the village community of Bangladesh. Around 89% of the rural house-holds rear poultry (Fattah, 2000), mainly operated and managed by rural women on a small scale. Furthermore 70% of rural landless women are directly or indirectly involved in poultry rearing activities. Family restrictions, social and traditional barriers keep rural women unable to work outside their home. For these difficult circumstances, homestead poultry rearing is considered the best way to add contribution to the household. It requires least land, small amount of investment and traditional knowledge. Now a day’s one of the main sources of income for the rural women of Bangladesh is home-based poultry. They have the opportunity to spend the earnings for children, special occasions even educating their children. extra income from home-based poultry rearing provides the survival of rural families which empowered by decision making process and gives them freedom to take part in making family decisions. (Hadi, 1997). By increasing the food consumption and nutrient intake poultry projects help rural women (Nielsen, Roos et al., 2003). Now a days the growing awareness in Bangladesh is rural women can play a vital role to the socio-economic growth of the country and provide their families with a higher standard of living (Alam, 1997). In this way poultry rearing can provide significant benefits to rural women in Bangladesh which lead to better empowerment. Bangladesh is the most promising countries for freshwater aquaculture industry which is second only to agriculture in the overall economy for its abundant water resources and sub-tropical climate conditions. Women are involved in various aspects of freshwater aquaculture activities like fish feeding, on-farm feed preparation, pond fertilization, stocking and harvesting. Women’s participation in the fish industry the production has increased by up to 20% (Ahmed and Toufique, 2014). Aquaculture related activities are very important for the empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh. Most rural women have the absence of technical knowledge in aquaculture, heavy household tasks and socio-cultural constraints such as mobility restriction keeps out women’s participation in aquaculture activities. For this contribution in aquaculture by women is under expectation. Economic, nutritional and social benefits are interlinked in order to empower rural women in Bangladesh. Women have generally improved their standard of living, purchasing power and ability as an economic actor which enhance their position in families. Women’s participation in aquaculture improve empowerment which give them greater equity, mobility, more control over resources and political awareness helps to reduce incidents of domestic violence .The expansion of small-scale aquaculture in rural Bangladesh, the women are now breaking through the traditional norms and able to come forward for participate in the development activities outside their homesteads. Several rural women in Bangladesh have successfully adopted and developed with aquaculture production. They feed and harvest fish, also raise fry to yield fingerlings for stocking ponds, they are mainly responsible for the skilled and time consuming tasks that take place on-shore like making and mending nets, processing and marketing fish. Women are previously engaged in coastal area of Bangladesh where shrimp farming is a dominant occupation. Nearly 85% of the women are involved in fry collecting which does not interfere with their day-to-day household work, and helps addition the household income.(Shelly and Costa, 2002). Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh works upon addressing poverty as well as rural development, gender equality, environmental preservation, tragedy management, human rights and other social issues. It also support communal and financial empowerment of the poor, microcredit, agriculture and related activities, water supply and sanitation, women entrepreneur development and other areas. Bangladesh is the most active NGO sector in the developing world, over 6000 registered NGOs are active and about 10 percent play a major role. (Rahman, 2006) The NGOs works on many programs to develop women development and sustainable development in the society, raise the capacity of the women to participate in national, social and democratic processes and to participate in national and local business activities. Most of the sectors are agro based due to most of the women are still engaged with the agro-based sectors like paddy production, poultry farming, dairy farming etc. Conclusion In recent year a great percentage women in Bangladesh are both directly and indirectly involved in agricultural activities . In crop production activities women involvement is mostly related to managerial activities. Women friendly pre-harvest as well as post- harvest technologies for crop production and processing. Participation of women in Livestock and poultry production activities as well as in homestead gardening has gradually increased to a substantial extent. A women in Bangladesh feel more comfortable in agricultural activities. If a woman achieve capability in 80% or more of the weighted pointed as empowered When economic activities incise the rural women benefit most in Bangladesh. Socioeconomic conditions rise within the households with increased participation in aquaculture, which give her increased decision-making power on household management and income making activities. Poverty is the main cause of difference in a rural phenomenon, for the impact of fisheries and aquaculture gender equity become very high. Most prominently visible economic benefits were able to originate from various activities has gained them suitable place in the decision making process. References Ahmed, A. U., et al. (2007). The world’s most deprived: Characteristics and causes of extreme poverty and hunger International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, DC: 145. Ahmed, N. and K. A. Toufique (2014). Greening the blue revolution of smallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ scale freshwater aquaculture in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Aquaculture Research. Alam, J. (1997). Impact of smallholder livestock development project in some selected areas of rural Bangladesh. Livestock research for rural development 9(3): 1-14. Asaduzzaman, M. (2010). The next agricultural transition in Bangladesh: Which transition, why and how? conference on Understanding the Next Generation in Asia, Bangkok, April. Fattah, K. A. (2000). Poultry as a tool in poverty eradication and promotion of gender equality. Frands Dolberg and Poul Henning Petersen (eds.) 10. Food, U. and A. Organization (2011). The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011: Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development. FAO Home, http://www. fao. org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e00. htm (accessed 1 November 2011). Grimm, M., et al. (2008). A human development index by income groups.World development 36(12): 2527-2546. Hadi, A. (1997). The NGO intervention and womens empowerment--the Bangladesh experience. Hicks, D. A. (1997). The inequality-adjusted human development index: a constructive proposal. World development 25(8): 1283-1298. Hossain, M. and A. Bayes (2009). Rural economy and livelihoods: Insights from Bangladesh, AH Development Publishing House. Jaim, W. and M. Hossain (2011). Women’s Participation in Agriculture in Bangladesh 1988-2008: Changes and Determinants. pre-conference event on â€Å"Dynamics of Rural Livelihoods and Poverty in South Asia 7th Asian Society of Agricultural Economists (ASAE) International Conference Hanoi, Vietnam. Nielsen, H., et al. (2003). The impact of semi-scavenging poultry production on the consumption of animal source foods by women and girls in Bangladesh. The Journal of nutrition 133(11): 4027S-4030S. Quisumbing, A. R. (2003). Household decisions, gender, and development: a synthesis of recent research, International Food Policy Research Institute. Rahman, S. (2006). Development, democracy and the NGO sector theory and evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of developing societies 22(4): 451-473. Rahman, S. and J. K. Routray (1998). Technological change and womens participation in crop production in Bangladesh. Gender, Technology and Development 2(2): 243-267. Rao, A. and D. Kelleher (1995). Engendering organizational change: the BRAC case. IDS bulletin 26(3): 69-78. Shamsuddoha, M. (2005). Poultry rearing-an alternative income generating activity for rural women development of Bangladesh.Chittagong University Journal of Commerce 19. Shelly, A. and M. Costa (2002). Women in aquaculture: initiatives of caritas Bangladesh. Penang, Malaysia, ICLARM-The World Fish Center: 77-87. Zaman, H. (1995). Patterns of activity and use of time in rural Bangladesh: class, gender, and seasonal variations. The Journal of Developing Areas: 371-388.

A Brief History of Japanese Religion Essay examples -- Japan Religious

A Brief History of Japanese Religion The Buddha is said to have been born in India around 500 BCE. During his life time, he preached the benefits of the Middle Path, the road between the two extremes of a decadent life style and severe austerities. Soon after the death of the founder, Buddhist missionaries began to travel through out Asia, finding their way along the Silk Roads to China, first arriving around 100 CE. The climate there was hospitable to the teaching of the Buddha, and soon Buddhism was counted along with Taoism and Confucianism as one of the major religions of the period. The Chinese interpreted the Buddhist texts in a new light, and Chinese Buddhism began to take on its own distinctive character. Around 600 CE, Chinese Buddhist missionaries made their way through Korea to Japan. Thus, around one millennium after the founding of Buddhism, the Japanese were first exposed to its teachings and philosophies. The Japanese, who were eagerly assimilating the high culture of the T'ang dynasty into their own, ado pted the Buddhist schools that had grown in both power and prestige in China. However, coexisting with this new foreign religion was the native Japanese religion of Shinto ("The Way of the Kami"). Both religions influenced the thoughts and actions of the Japanese people, and both remain active in Japan to this day, coexisting peacefully. SHINTO "In their world myriad spirits shone like fireflies and every tree and bush could speak." At first, it is difficult for a Westerner to comprehend the religion known as Shinto. Shinto has no founding father, no all powerful deity, no holy scriptures, no moral code, no single practice or goal. In its beginnings there was not a unified priesthood or community, but in... ... With the dawn of the Modern Period there came a new regime of rulers. These rulers attacked Buddhism and pushed Shinto as the true religion of the Japanese people. It became illegal for Buddhists to teach that the kami were manifestation of the buddhas (they were to be seen as far superior to the buddhas), and Buddhism in general was blamed for the problems that faced Japan. Many temples were destroyed. Shinto (often called State Shinto) was declared non-religious, but rather the "duty" of every loyal Japanese person. This nationalistic movement helped push Japan into WWII, and defeat by the Allies was crushing. State Shinto was outlawed, and the related shrines were made independent. Yet, to this day, both Buddhism and Shinto play an active role in the lives of the Japanese people. The two have come into equilibrium, serving the Japanese people's needs together.

James A. Naismith: Creator of Basketball :: Biography

Millions of players of basketball which was created by one man by the name of Dr. James A. Naismith. James Naismith was born around the 1860s. James Naismith created the game of basketball in 1891. Dr. James A. Naismith was truly influential to the sports world through the creation of basketball, building Kansas University basketball tradition, and changing lives of millions of people through the game of basketball. Before the game of basketball James Naismith was truly influential to the sports world. According to James A. Naismith â€Å"as a young man, Naismith studied Theology and excelled in various sports. Naismith was always drawn to religion because he knew he wanted to help others, but his life's mission became clear to him one day during a football game: a football teammate began cursing after a blown play, but then stopped and apologized to Naismith, who was known for his morals. Naismith realized that "there might be other ways of doing well besides preaching" and got the idea that he could practice his ministry through sports† (1). James Naismith was always thought of as a man known for his morals. According to an article entitled James A. Naismith, â€Å"Naismith also is credited with inventing the helmet for football players. Which gives better safety to football players"(1). The football helmet is truly beneficial to football and sports world. The creation of basketball and before the creation of basketball was truly influential to the sports world. Basketball has a huge impact on the sports world. Naismith began to think about a new game that could be played indoors during the winter. In two weeks, he’d come up with the basic concepts that would define the game basket ball: to discourage tackling, players would not be able to run with the ball, but made the game of basketball would was made to pass it; the players would have to loft the ball instead of shoot it. In 1891, Naismith was appointed an instructor by Luther Halsey Gulick, Jr. Head of Physical Education at Springfield. Naismith put sports together such as soccer, American Football, Field Hockey and other sports. â€Å"Naismith created the game of basket ball for players to play during football and baseball. The game started with two peach baskets, a soccer ball and 13 rules.†(Original Rules of Basketball 1) Rains and Carpenter said â€Å"Naismith loved the idea that a minimum of a basketball, a basket, and a place to play (52). James A. Naismith: Creator of Basketball :: Biography Millions of players of basketball which was created by one man by the name of Dr. James A. Naismith. James Naismith was born around the 1860s. James Naismith created the game of basketball in 1891. Dr. James A. Naismith was truly influential to the sports world through the creation of basketball, building Kansas University basketball tradition, and changing lives of millions of people through the game of basketball. Before the game of basketball James Naismith was truly influential to the sports world. According to James A. Naismith â€Å"as a young man, Naismith studied Theology and excelled in various sports. Naismith was always drawn to religion because he knew he wanted to help others, but his life's mission became clear to him one day during a football game: a football teammate began cursing after a blown play, but then stopped and apologized to Naismith, who was known for his morals. Naismith realized that "there might be other ways of doing well besides preaching" and got the idea that he could practice his ministry through sports† (1). James Naismith was always thought of as a man known for his morals. According to an article entitled James A. Naismith, â€Å"Naismith also is credited with inventing the helmet for football players. Which gives better safety to football players"(1). The football helmet is truly beneficial to football and sports world. The creation of basketball and before the creation of basketball was truly influential to the sports world. Basketball has a huge impact on the sports world. Naismith began to think about a new game that could be played indoors during the winter. In two weeks, he’d come up with the basic concepts that would define the game basket ball: to discourage tackling, players would not be able to run with the ball, but made the game of basketball would was made to pass it; the players would have to loft the ball instead of shoot it. In 1891, Naismith was appointed an instructor by Luther Halsey Gulick, Jr. Head of Physical Education at Springfield. Naismith put sports together such as soccer, American Football, Field Hockey and other sports. â€Å"Naismith created the game of basket ball for players to play during football and baseball. The game started with two peach baskets, a soccer ball and 13 rules.†(Original Rules of Basketball 1) Rains and Carpenter said â€Å"Naismith loved the idea that a minimum of a basketball, a basket, and a place to play (52).

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SCARBOROUGH YMCA VOLUNTEER APPLICATION FORM ` PERSONAL INFORMATIONMr. Mrs. Ms. First Name: Last Name: Address: Apartment No. : City: Prov: Postal Code: Home Phone: ( ) - Cell: ( ) - Email: Volunteer Shirt Size: Membership #: No Membership| PLEASE LIST TWO REFERENCES (Other than relatives / not related to you)EMAIL REQUIREDMr. Mrs. Ms. (click to see options)Name: Relationship: Phone: ( ) - Email: Notes: (For volunteer coordinator use only)Mr. Mrs. Ms. (click to see options)Name: Relationship: Phone: ( ) - Email: Notes: (For volunteer coordinator use only)| SCHOOL INFORMATION Not ApplicableSchool Name: How many hours do you require? Time frame: From to (ex. Feb 2010 to Feb 2013)| IN WHICH AREA(S) WOULD YOU LIKE TO VOLUNTEER: (click to see options)Preference #1: Preference #2:| Emergency Contact Information:Name: Telephone: ( ) - Relationship (click to see options) If you have any questions please contact:Scarborough YMCAc/o Myra Narvaza(416) 296-9907 x408myrabelle. [e mail  protected] org| AVAILABILITYPlease indicate when you would be available to volunteer: Timeframe| Mon| Tues| Wed| Thu| Fri| Sat| Sun| AMBETWEEN6am-10am WEEKENDS 7am-10 am| | | | | | Between| Between| MID #1 BETWEENBetween10am-4pm| | | | | | | | MID #2 BETWEENBetween4pm-8pm| | | | | | | | PMBETWEEN8pm-12am| | | | | | | | | OTHER INFORMATION (Volunteer Coordinator Use Only) INTERVIEW DATE: _________________________ AGEDate of Birth:______________________Current Age: ______________________ * 14 – 15 yrs. Proof of Age: ____________________16 yrs. n:______________ * 16 above; Clearance Letter Date: ________________ MEDIA RELEASE FORM DATE: ______________________ AODA SELF-STUDY CONFIRMATION EMAIL DATE: _____________________ CERTIFICATION / QUALIFICATIONS: ______________________________________Tentative Assignment: (Program Area //Day/s //Time/s) ____________________________ NOTES:| ORIENTATION INVITE EMAIL DATE: ________________________ Volunteer Operating Policies Procedur es Manual copy AODA Self Study linkORIENTATION DATE & TIME: ______________________________|

Wired Communication Media

Abstract Tons of data is transmitted on day to day basis from one point to another. Data comes in all various forms, physical and virtual. All different application comes with different requirements for data transfer. There is lots of data sitting at one place that needs to transmitted for various different purposes So, there is a definite need of transmitting data. Author in this paper is attempting to address all the possible available wires and cables in the wired communication media for transmission.Author will also be analyzing their history, invention, types, categories, applications, advantages and disadvantages of the transmitting channel available. Keywords: Data, Signals, Wires, Cables, ? Introduction Communication has been around since the beginning of the mankind in one form of another. Its existence is been recognized even before formal language came was formed. People have been communicating through various different vocal indications, signals and gestures. Almost all o rganization in the world relies on data and signals in some form of the other to run their regular operations and accomplish their goals.Data comes in all forms physical and virtual. Businesses need data, its transmission and storage for smooth functioning. The main concern is transmission of virtual data from one machine to another. This can be for various discrete reasons such as read-only, modifications and updating. Thus, a reliable means of communication is needed for transfer of data (William & Sawyer, 2007). There are plenty different kinds of communication media (channels) currently used to satisfy the growing needs of people. Communication media is largely divided into two groups wired media (conducting media) and wireless media.Wired media provides a path for the signal through wires (optical fiber is also included). It was the wired communication media which pioneered in transforming the way the people talked to one another over greater distances or through previously imp enetrable barriers. In wireless media, the communication medium is either air or the atmosphere or space through which the signal travels. Although the current trends are increasingly moving towards use of wireless communication systems but wired systems are still as elevant as they possibly have been because wires still an important element in achieving high speeds for both data and signal can either analog or digital. (Ray & Acharya, 2004). Need for Data Transfer In today’s data driven world, there is no cap on form or type of information that needs to be shared between employees, business partners and clients. Organizations just cannot trust anyone to handle their most sensitive data. Thus, a secured passage for data transmission from one device to another is certainly critical.Data usually is collection of lots of forms of information which needs to be stored and maintained for several as per needed purposes. It is normally stored on disks and tapes but when it needs to t ransmitted it needs to be converted into signals for transfer. In order for the travelling signals to transmit, there are different types of media available to facilitate communication. A type of them, wired media are briefly explained in the following section of this paper (Kittler , 1996). Wired Communication Media – Wires and CablesWired communication media typically refers to data transmission over a wire based communication technology. Wired communication generally refers to physical cabling within a network where the signals are transmitted onto the physical medium i. e. wires. These wires are no longer made up of metal, but glass. These are also called as conducting transmission technologies such as telephone network, internet access, cable television and fiber optic communication. Electromagnetism which is wave guide used for high power applications is also considered as wired line.Alternatively, transmissions of data which don’t rely on wires (cables) are cons idered as wireless communication technologies (William & Sawyer, 2007). There are several different conducting transmission technologies presently available for data transmission. Network requirement for each application can be different, so choosing the right type of transmitting media is very crucial. The different conducting media are discussed as below: Twisted pair wire It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1988. A twisted pair wire is made up of a pair of conducting copper wires twisted with each other over nsulation. The number of twisted pair wires within the outer insulation varies. The reason it’s called twisted wire because the two wires are insulated to prevent wire crossing are primarily twisted together. The twist and the outer insulation help to reduce lines from not only crossing and interfering with each other but also regulate the self and mutual induction. When two wires are running parallel to each other carrying a signal, the possibility of inductio n between them increases. When you hear else’s conversation while being on phone with your friend is a perfect example of it.This is called as crosstalk due to inductions. Such crosstalk is very low in lines passing perpendicular to each other. Thus, lines are twisted to avoid running parallel to each other as perpendicular is quite impossible. There are 7 different types of twisted pair wires available which are further divided into 7 categorized which are described as follows: †¢CAT – 1: Basically used to transmit analog voices. Provides speeds up to 1 Mbps. There used over the years has decreased drastically. †¢CAT – 2: It is almost identical to CAT- 1, but has slightly better performance in terms of attenuation.This kind can transmit data up to 4 Mbps. †¢CAT – 3: It provides speed up to 10 Mbps but the signal attenuates after distance of 100 meters. To mitigate this problem, a repeater can be used to transmit data over 100 meters with l ow attenuation. †¢CAT- 4: It provides speed up to 20 Mbps but they can transmit data only within 100 meters without much attenuation. †¢CAT- 5: With greater number of twisted pairs, they can transmit data at 100 Mbps providing much better quality of wires as compared to previous versions. †¢CAT- 5e: They can transmit data at 125 Mbps but can support up to 1000 Mbps on certain cases. CAT- 6: Their cost is almost same as prior categories but can provide speeds up to 200 Mbps. †¢CAT- 7: These category wires are heavily shielded but are rarely used because of their exceptional high costs. They can support higher speeds of 600 Mbps. Twisted pair wires can also further be classified into shielded twisted pair and the unshielded twisted pair. Shielded twisted pair carries an extra shield of insulation on top to avoid any external induction. All of the categories except CAT- 7 are available in both types.The reason CAT- 7 only comes in shielded form only due to its excep tionally high number of twists. It is been estimated that only a whole twisted pair wires can better serve a local area network of 100 meter range, being cost effective. Applications can be: †¢Computer networking †¢Ethernet cabling †¢Video applications such as security cameras †¢Telephone lines ? Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable was initially founded in 1929 but first used by AT&T in 1940. It consists of single copper wire which is surrounded by at least three layer containing an insulating material, braided wired and plastic coating.It conducts electrical signals via an inner conductor also called as main conductor usually made up of copper or stranded copper wire. This main conductor is a straight wire surrounded by dielectric which actually separates inner main conductor and outer metallic shield. The outer metallic shield is typically made up of from 1 to 4 layers of metallic braid and metallic plate reducing the attenuation by obstructing the outer inducing field s from reaching the inner main conductor. This functionality of coaxial wires allows transmitting analog signals over a broad range of frequencies.The final third layer protecting main conductor is jacket made usually up of thick plastic material. (Nahin, 2002) Please refer to figure 2 in appendix showing a coaxial cable construction with main conductor, dielectric, shield and jacket for better understanding. Coaxial cables are classified into two major categories depending upon the type of data they can transmit. These are: †¢Baseband coaxial cable: Thin baseband coaxial cables are usually used in local area network connecting computers and mainframe computers. They carry one way digital data at speeds up to 10 Mbps. †¢Broadband coaxial cable:Thick broadband coaxial cables are used to transmit analog signals mainly television signals are used to transmit analog signals. A certain disadvantage is even a small continuous current along the imperfect placed shield on any coax ial cable will cause visible or audible interferences. But, there is a major disadvantage using the above discussed two types of coaxial cables that is data theft. Data travelling through these types of wires can easily be trapped. However, fiber optic cables can be used to eliminate this problem. Fiber Optic Cable Fiber optic has made tremendous technological advances to transmit information in the last decade.Telecommunication has been completely revolutionized by this innovated material. The telecommunications currently use electricity, radio or light to send data, images and sound. Fiber optic cable is made up of nothing but a thin glass tube which covered with a plastic shield. It transmits data in form of light pulses instead of sound waves without any interruptions. Since the information is transported in form of light and not electricity, this completely disregards the possibility of degradation of signal and interference due to electrical noise.The photo diode on one cable end produces photons which travel at high speeds up to 100 Gps through the glass tube before it is collected by the photo receptor on the other receiving end of the cable. The fiber optic cable is made up of one or many thin fibers of glass or plastic of 50 to 125 micrometers in diameter which is approximately equivalent to thickness of a hair. It has a cylindrical region called nucleus which allows light propagation and the external zone of coaxial nucleus is called as coating, a plastic like cover. Please refer to figure 3 in the appendix for better understanding.The main advantage of using fiber optic cable is it does not facilitate data tapping and is capable of producing high speeds, over long distances with very low attenuation as compared to other wired cables. For example, it is capable of transmitting an encyclopedia set equivalent to 40 million words in one second. However, there is some attenuation caused due to reflections and refractions of the photons over the glass tu be. Fiber optic cables tend to be expensive but with the availability of cheap LED’s and photo diodes, make it much economical. There are basically two types of fiber optic cables: Single mode fiber – It facilitates data transmission with great speed over long distances. †¢Multi-mode fiber – They are further classified into two types: oMultimode step-index fiber: It is used to transmit data over short distances and in the conventional transference of images. oMultimode grated-index fiber: It is optimal medium to transmit data over intermediate distances. It has a refractive index of nucleus which gradually moves towards outside from center. Photonic Crystal Fiber Photonic crystal fibers were founded by the research group of Philip St. J.Russell in the 1990s. They are generally constructed with the same methods as optical fibers. It is a honeycomb structured wires where the glass tube containing holes carry light signals 10 times longer as compared to fiber optic cable (Dr. Paschotta, 2012). Please refer to figure 4a and 4b in appendix for better understanding. Photonic crystal fibers are mainly divided into two major categories: †¢Index Guiding fibers which has a solid core. †¢Photonic Bandgap or air guiding fibers which have periodic micro-structured elements and a core of low index material (e. g. ollow core). Applications for photonic crystal fibers include: †¢Fiber lasers and amplifiers which include high power devices. †¢Fiber optic sensors of several different kinds. †¢Telecom components such as dispersion control, filtering and switching. †¢Quantum optics. †¢Also for various other purposes such as spectroscopy, metrology, biomedicine, imaging, industrial machining, and military. Conclusion So far in this paper, author showed us the working, application and pros and cons of various wired transmission media. Nobody can decide the right medium on behalf of anybody.It really comes down to speed co st, availability, current system requirement, its integration and future upgrade for growing needs for any particular user. All this requirements are analyzed before any wiring installation is done. Hence, selection of wires according to their functionality plays a very important role in constructing a reliable network. Remember: Communication technology is always developing and you will always find new stuff for various purposes, so plan and select accordingly. ? References Dr. Paschotta, R. (2012, Sep 20). Photonic crystal fibers. Retrieved from ttp://www. rp-photonics. com/photonic_crystal_fibers. html Kittler , F. (1996). Journal of the history of communication media. Arthur and Marilouse Kroker Editors, Retrieved from http://hydra. humanities. uci. edu/kittler/comms. html Nahin, P. J. (2002). Oliver heaviside: The life, work, and times of an electrical genius of the victorian age. New York, NY: The John Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from http://books. google. com/books? i d=e9wEntQmA0IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0 Ray, A. K. , & Acharya, T. (2004). Information technology: Principle and applications. 2nd ed. ). New Delhi, India: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. Retrieved from http://books. google. com/books? id=iim25OLcUdYC&printsec=frontcover William, B. , & Sawyer, S. (2007). Using information technology. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc. Retrieved from http://books. google. com/books? id=WsAgAQAAIAAJ&q=William. B & Sawyer. S, 2007. Using Information Technology. The McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc: New York). &dq=William. B & Sawyer. S, 2007. Using Information Technology. The McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc: New York). &hl=en&sa=X&ei=v1kYUfO7G9Ot0AHJzYDgDw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ